Salt Stress Enhances Aroma Component 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline in Aromatic Coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.).
Plants (Basel), 2026/1/06;15(2)
Yin J[1, 2], Luo D[1, 2], Shi C[1, 2], Ding H[1, 2], Li J[1, 2], Sun X[1, 2], Shen X[1, 2], Liu X[1, 2], Iqbal A[1, 2, 3], Yang Y[1, 2]
Affiliations
PMID: 41599982DOI: 10.3390/plants15020174
Abstract
Aromatic coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is valued in the consumer market primarily for its distinctive fragrance, which is largely attributed to the compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP). The accumulation of 2AP has been observed in several crops, such as rice, when exposed to salt stress. In rice, exposure to salt stress influences the activity of enzymes, alters amino acid metabolism, and modulates the expression of genes associated with 2AP formation. Nevertheless, the processes responsible for 2AP biosynthesis in aromatic coconut under salt stress conditions are still not well clarified. In this study, five-month-old aromatic coconut seedlings were subjected to four distinct levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment (0, 100, 200, and 300 mM). This experiment was conducted to investigate the mechanisms involved in salt-induced responses and the biosynthesis of 2AP in aromatic coconut. Although salt stress did not produce any apparent injury in the coconut seedlings, it led to a marked decline in chlorophyll content. Meanwhile, salt stress markedly enhanced the accumulation of betaine and boosted the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. The aromatic coconut demonstrated a moderate level of salt tolerance. Salt stress also had a significant influence on 2AP biosynthesis. Under salt stress conditions, the 2AP content increased substantially, reaching its highest level with a 93.55% rise compared to the control. Furthermore, the synthesis of 2AP in aromatic coconut under salt stress appears to be primarily regulated through the metabolic pathways of proline and glutamate. Therefore, salt stress enhances 2AP production, with 200 mM NaCl identified as the optimal concentration for its accumulation.
Keywords: 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline; antioxidant enzyme activity; aromatic coconut; biosynthesis mechanism; salt stress
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