Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France. claude.murat@inra.fr.
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France.
Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Genoscope, Institut de Génomique, Evry, France.
US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.
Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
National Research Council - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Torino Unit, Torino, Italy.
Department of Chemical Life Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
CNR-IBBR, Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, UOS di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
UMR 1347 Agroécologie AgroSup/INRA/uB, Pôle IPM - ERL CNRS 6300, Dijon, France.
UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Campus CNRS, Montpellier, France.
The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Bergman Campus, Ben-Gurion University of The Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Praha, Czech Republic.
Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
UMR 7257, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France.
Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, France. francis.martin@inra.fr.
Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China. francis.martin@inra.fr.
Tuberaceae is one of the most diverse lineages of symbiotic truffle-forming fungi. To understand the molecular underpinning of the ectomycorrhizal truffle lifestyle, we compared the genomes of Piedmont white truffle (Tuber magnatum), Périgord black truffle (Tuber melanosporum), Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum), pig truffle (Choiromyces venosus) and desert truffle (Terfezia boudieri) to saprotrophic Pezizomycetes. Reconstructed gene duplication/loss histories along a time-calibrated phylogeny of Ascomycetes revealed that Tuberaceae-specific traits may be related to a higher gene diversification rate. Genomic features in Tuber species appear to be very similar, with high transposon content, few genes coding lignocellulose-degrading enzymes, a substantial set of lineage-specific fruiting-body-upregulated genes and high expression of genes involved in volatile organic compound metabolism. Developmental and metabolic pathways expressed in ectomycorrhizae and fruiting bodies of T. magnatum and T. melanosporum are unexpectedly very similar, owing to the fact that they diverged ~100 Ma. Volatile organic compounds from pungent truffle odours are not the products of Tuber-specific gene innovations, but rely on the differential expression of an existing gene repertoire. These genomic resources will help to address fundamental questions in the evolution of the truffle lifestyle and the ecology of fungi that have been praised as food delicacies for centuries.
