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16754859
The complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus bulgaricus reveals extensive and ongoing reductive evolution.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2006/6/13;103(24):9274-9.

van de Guchte M[1], Penaud S, Grimaldi C, Barbe V, Bryson K, Nicolas P, Robert C, Oztas S, Mangenot S, Couloux A, Loux V, Dervyn R, Bossy R, Bolotin A, Batto JM, Walunas T, Gibrat JF, Bessières P, Weissenbach J, Ehrlich SD, Maguin E

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PMID: 16754859

Impact factor: 12.779

Abstract
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) is a representative of the group of lactic acid-producing bacteria, mainly known for its worldwide application in yogurt production. The genome sequence of this bacterium has been determined and shows the signs of ongoing specialization, with a substantial number of pseudogenes and incomplete metabolic pathways and relatively few regulatory functions. Several unique features of the L. bulgaricus genome support the hypothesis that the genome is in a phase of rapid evolution. (i) Exceptionally high numbers of rRNA and tRNA genes with regard to genome size may indicate that the L. bulgaricus genome has known a recent phase of important size reduction, in agreement with the observed high frequency of gene inactivation and elimination; (ii) a much higher GC content at codon position 3 than expected on the basis of the overall GC content suggests that the composition of the genome is evolving toward a higher GC content; and (iii) the presence of a 47.5-kbp inverted repeat in the replication termination region, an extremely rare feature in bacterial genomes, may be interpreted as a transient stage in genome evolution. The results indicate the adaptation of L. bulgaricus from a plant-associated habitat to the stable protein and lactose-rich milk environment through the loss of superfluous functions and protocooperation with Streptococcus thermophilus.
MeSH terms
Bacterial Proteins; Base Sequence; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Bacterial; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; Lactobacillus delbrueckii; Molecular Sequence Data; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Streptococcus thermophilus; Synteny; Yogurt
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