Summary

Background: Most patients hospitalized after cardiac arrest (CA) die because of neurological injury. The systemic inflammatory response after CA is associated with neurological injury and mortality but remains poorly defined. Methods: We determine the innate immune network induced by clinical CA at single-cell resolution. Findings: Immune cell states diverge as early as 6 h post-CA between patients with good or poor neurological outcomes 30 days after CA. Nectin-2+ monocyte and Tim-3+ natural killer (NK) cell subpopulations are associated with poor outcomes, and interactome analysis highlights their crosstalk via cytokines and immune checkpoints. Ex vivo studies of peripheral blood cells from CA patients demonstrate that immune checkpoints are a compensatory mechanism against inflammation after CA. Interferon γ (IFNγ)/interleukin-10 (IL-10) induced Nectin-2 on monocytes; in a negative feedback loop, Nectin-2 suppresses IFNγ production by NK cells. Conclusions: The initial hours after CA may represent a window for therapeutic intervention in the resolution of inflammation via immune checkpoints.

Overall design

PBMC from 11 post-OHCA patients and 3 healthy subjects were used for 10X single-cell RNA-sequencing. Sorted PBMC were processed for bulk RNA sequencing.

Contributors

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Contact

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