PMID- 34267377 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE VI - 19 IP - 1 TI - Immune cell profiling in atherosclerosis: role in research and precision medicine. PG - 43-58 CI - © 2021. Springer Nature Limited. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't PT - Review PL - England TA - Nat Rev Cardiol JT - Nature reviews. Cardiology JID - 101500075 IS - 1759-5010 (Electronic) LID - 10.1038/s41569-021-00589-2 [doi] FAU - Fernandez, Dawn M AU - Fernandez DM AD - Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. FAU - Giannarelli, Chiara AU - Giannarelli C AD - Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. chiara.giannarelli@nyulangone.org. AD - New York University Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA. chiara.giannarelli@nyulangone.org. AD - Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA. chiara.giannarelli@nyulangone.org. IS - 1759-5002 (Linking) SB - IM MH - Animals MH - *Atherosclerosis/therapy MH - Clinical Trials as Topic MH - Humans MH - *Immunotherapy MH - Mice MH - Precision Medicine PMC - PMC8280607 DCOM- 20220121 LR - 20231102 DP - 202201 DEP - 20210715 AB - Inflammation is intimately involved at all stages of atherosclerosis and remains a substantial residual cardiovascular risk factor in optimally treated patients. The proof of concept that targeting inflammation reduces cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction has highlighted the urgent need to identify new immunotherapies to treat patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Importantly, emerging data from new clinical trials show that successful immunotherapies for atherosclerosis need to be tailored to the specific immune alterations in distinct groups of patients. In this Review, we discuss how single-cell technologies - such as single-cell mass cytometry, single-cell RNA sequencing and cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing - are ideal for mapping the cellular and molecular composition of human atherosclerotic plaques and how these data can aid in the discovery of new precise immunotherapies. We also argue that single-cell data from studies in humans need to be rigorously validated in relevant experimental models, including rapidly emerging single-cell CRISPR screening technologies and mouse models of atherosclerosis. Finally, we discuss the importance of implementing single-cell immune monitoring tools in early phases of drug development to aid in the precise selection of the target patient population for data-driven translation into randomized clinical trials and the successful translation of new immunotherapies into the clinic.