PMID- 24510163 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE VI - 5 TI - Integrated circuit-based electrochemical sensor for spatially resolved detection of redox-active metabolites in biofilms. PG - 3256 LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't PT - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. PL - England TA - Nat Commun JT - Nature communications JID - 101528555 IS - 2041-1723 (Electronic) LID - 10.1038/ncomms4256 [doi] FAU - Bellin, Daniel L AU - Bellin DL AD - Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. FAU - Sakhtah, Hassan AU - Sakhtah H AD - Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. FAU - Rosenstein, Jacob K AU - Rosenstein JK AD - School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. FAU - Levine, Peter M AU - Levine PM AD - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1. FAU - Thimot, Jordan AU - Thimot J AD - Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. FAU - Emmett, Kevin AU - Emmett K AD - Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. FAU - Dietrich, Lars E P AU - Dietrich LE AD - Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. FAU - Shepard, Kenneth L AU - Shepard KL AD - 1] Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. IS - 2041-1723 (Linking) RN - 0 (Phenazines) SB - IM MH - Biofilms MH - Diffusion MH - Electrochemical Techniques/*instrumentation MH - Oxidation-Reduction MH - Phenazines/*chemistry MH - Pseudomonas aeruginosa/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism PMC - PMC3969851 DCOM- 20151112 LR - 20211021 DP - 2014 AB - Despite advances in monitoring spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes and proteins with fluorescent probes, direct detection of metabolites and small molecules remains challenging. A technique for spatially resolved detection of small molecules would benefit the study of redox-active metabolites that are produced by microbial biofilms and can affect their development. Here we present an integrated circuit-based electrochemical sensing platform featuring an array of working electrodes and parallel potentiostat channels. 'Images' over a 3.25 × 0.9 mm(2) area can be captured with a diffusion-limited spatial resolution of 750 μm. We demonstrate that square wave voltammetry can be used to detect, identify and quantify (for concentrations as low as 2.6 μM) four distinct redox-active metabolites called phenazines. We characterize phenazine production in both wild-type and mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 colony biofilms, and find correlations with fluorescent reporter imaging of phenazine biosynthetic gene expression.